{"id":517,"date":"2026-10-07T01:21:48","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T01:21:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otomasiplcbandung.com\/?p=517"},"modified":"2026-10-09T14:21:55","modified_gmt":"2026-10-09T14:21:55","slug":"sensor-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otomasiplcbandung.com\/?p=517","title":{"rendered":"BAB 3 # BELAJAR DASAR PLC SENSOR PNP DAN NPN"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

SENSOR INDUSTRI DAN SENSOR KENDARAAN<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Apa sebenarnya sensor itu?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sederhananya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Sensor adalah alat yang mengubah suatu kondisi fisik menjadi sinyal listrik.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Contohnya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Ada benda \u2192 sensor memberikan sinyal.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Tidak ada benda \u2192 sensor tidak memberikan sinyal.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Suhu naik \u2192 sensor mengubah nilai listrik.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Tekanan berubah \u2192 sensor mengubah sinyal listrik.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Putaran mesin terjadi \u2192 sensor menghasilkan pulsa listrik.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Jadi sensor dapat kita anggap sebagai \u201cindra\u201d bagi PLC atau ECU kendaraan<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    DUNIA NYATA\n    \u2502\n    \u251c\u2500\u2500 benda\n    \u251c\u2500\u2500 suhu\n    \u251c\u2500\u2500 tekanan\n    \u251c\u2500\u2500 putaran\n    \u251c\u2500\u2500 posisi\n    \u2514\u2500\u2500 cahaya\n          \u2193\n       SENSOR\n          \u2193\n    SINYAL LISTRIK\n          \u2193\n     PLC \/ ECU\n          \u2193\n   KEPUTUSAN \/ OUTPUT\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n
    2. Sensor dibagi berdasarkan apa yang dideteksi<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
    A. Sensor benda\/posisi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Contohnya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    • Proximity inductive<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Proximity capacitive<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Limit switch<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Reed switch<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      B. Sensor cahaya<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      Contohnya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      • Photoelectric sensor<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Photo sensor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
        C. Sensor suhu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
        Contohnya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • Thermocouple<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • RTD<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Thermistor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
          D. Sensor tekanan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
          Contohnya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          • Pressure switch<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Pressure transducer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
            E. Sensor jarak<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
            Contohnya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            • Ultrasonic sensor<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Laser sensor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
              F. Sensor putaran\/kecepatan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
              Contohnya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                \n
              • Encoder<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Hall-effect sensor<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Crankshaft\/camshaft position sensor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                Ini yang membuat pembelajaran PLC juga sangat relevan dengan teknisi kendaraan<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                \n\n\n\n
                3. Proximity Inductive Sensor<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                Ini salah satu sensor yang sangat penting <\/p>\n\n\n\n
                Sensor inductive digunakan untuk mendeteksi benda logam<\/strong> tanpa menyentuh benda tersebut.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                Contohnya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                      BENDA LOGAM\n          \u2193\n       \u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\u2588\n          \u2502\n          \u2502\n       \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n       \u2502 SENSOR\u2502\n       \u2502INDUCTIVE\n       \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                Ketika benda logam mendekat:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                Benda jauh\n     \u2193\nSensor OFF\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                Ketika benda masuk dalam jarak sensing:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                Benda dekat\n     \u2193\nSensor ON\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                Sensor ini banyak digunakan untuk mendeteksi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                  \n
                • Posisi silinder<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Posisi benda pada conveyor<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Roda gigi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Posisi mekanisme mesin<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Batas gerakan mesin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                  \n\n\n\n
                  4. Proximity Capacitive<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                  Berbeda dengan inductive, capacitive sensor<\/strong> dapat mendeteksi berbagai material, tergantung jenis dan penyetelan sensor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                  Misalnya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                  • Plastik<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Kayu<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Cairan<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Kertas<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Bubuk<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Logam<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                    Konsep sederhananya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Material\n   \u2193\nMedan sensor berubah\n   \u2193\nSensor mendeteksi\n   \u2193\nOutput ON\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n
                    5. Photoelectric Sensor<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                    Sensor photoelectric menggunakan cahaya<\/strong> untuk mendeteksi objek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Gambaran sederhananya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    EMITTER                 RECEIVER\n\n   \ud83d\udd34 \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u25ba\n       CAHAYA\n             \u2588\n             \u2588 Benda\n             \u2588\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Ketika benda memutus cahaya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Cahaya terputus\n       \u2193\nSensor mendeteksi benda\n       \u2193\nOutput berubah\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Sensor ini banyak digunakan pada conveyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n
                    6. Limit Switch<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                    Benda bergerak\n     \u2193\n    \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u25ba\n       [TUAS]\n         \u2502\n      LIMIT\n      SWITCH\n         \u2502\n         \u25bc\n      OUTPUT\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Ketika mekanisme menekan switch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    LIMIT SWITCH\n     \u2193\nKontak berubah\n     \u2193\nInput PLC berubah\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    gerakan mekanis \u2192 kontak listrik \u2192 input PLC.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n
                    7. Sekarang masuk ke PNP dan NPN<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                    Ini sangat penting:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                    PNP dan NPN bukan jenis cara sensor mendeteksi benda. PNP\/NPN terutama menjelaskan bagaimana output transistor sensor melakukan switching.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n
                     8. SENSOR PNP<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                    PNP sering disebut sourcing output<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Ketika sensor ON, output memberikan tegangan positif menuju input PLC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                 +24 V\n               \u2502\n               \u2502\n          \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u25bc\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n          \u2502 SENSOR  \u2502\n          \u2502   PNP   \u2502\n          \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n               \u2502\n               \u2502 OUT\n               \u25bc\n             INPUT\n             PLC X0\n               \u2502\n               \u25bc\n              0 V\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Saat OFF:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    OUT \u2248 0 V \/ tidak memberikan +24 V\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Saat ON:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    OUT \u2248 +24 V\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Maka:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Sensor PNP ON\n      \u2193\nOutput +24 V\n      \u2193\nInput X0 PLC ON\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Cara mengingat:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                    PNP \u2192 Positive \u2192 memberikan positif.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n
                     9. SENSOR NPN<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                    NPN sering disebut sinking output<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Ketika sensor ON, output menghubungkan rangkaian menuju 0 V<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                                 +24 V\n               \u2502\n               \u25bc\n            INPUT PLC\n               \u2502\n               \u2502 X0\n               \u25bc\n          \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n          \u2502 SENSOR  \u2502\n          \u2502   NPN   \u2502\n          \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n               \u2502\n               \u25bc\n              0 V\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Ketika ON:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    +24 V\n  \u2193\nInput PLC\n  \u2193\nSensor NPN\n  \u2193\n0 V\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Arus mengalir melalui input sehingga PLC mengenali kondisi ON.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Cara mengingat:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                    NPN \u2192 Negative \u2192 menarik\/menghubungkan ke negatif\/0 V.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n
                    10. Perbandingan PNP dan NPN<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                    Kondisi<\/th>PNP<\/th>NPN<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
                    Istilah<\/td>Sourcing<\/td>Sinking<\/td><\/tr>
                    Saat ON<\/td>Output memberikan +24 V<\/td>Output terhubung ke 0 V<\/td><\/tr>
                    Switching<\/td>Positif<\/td>Negatif<\/td><\/tr>
                    Umum pada banyak sistem<\/td>Sangat umum<\/td>Juga digunakan<\/td><\/tr>
                    Pemeriksaan utama<\/td>Output \u2192 0 V<\/td>Output \u2192 +24 V<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
                    Namun, jangan menentukan wiring hanya berdasarkan tabel ini<\/strong>. Terminal COM dan konfigurasi input PLC harus mengikuti datasheet PLC<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n
                    11. Sensor 3 kabel<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                    Ini sangat penting <\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Sensor DC 3-wire yang umum mempunyai:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \ud83d\udfe4 Brown  \u2192 +24 V\n\ud83d\udd35 Blue   \u2192 0 V\n\u26ab Black  \u2192 Output\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Secara sederhana:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                              SENSOR\n       \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n+24 V \u2500\u2524 Brown     \u2502\n       \u2502           \u2502\n  0 V \u2500\u2524 Blue      \u2502\n       \u2502           \u2502\n PLC \u2500\u2500\u2524 Black OUT \u2502\n       \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Tetapi sekali lagi, siswa harus membaca label\/datasheet sensor<\/strong>, bukan mengandalkan warna kabel semata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n
                    12. Cara menggunakan AVO meter untuk memeriksa sensor<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                    Ini bagian yang menurut saya sangat bermanfaat juga untuk teknisi bengkel kendaraan<\/strong>, sahabatku. \ud83d\udd27\ud83d\ude97<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Set multimeter pada:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    DC Voltage (VDC)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Probe:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Merah \u2192 V\nHitam \u2192 COM\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Pemeriksaan supply<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                    Ukur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Brown \u2192 Blue\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Jika sensor mendapatkan supply 24 V:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \u2248 24 VDC\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n
                    13. Memeriksa sensor PNP<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                    Ukur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Merah \u2192 Black\nHitam \u2192 Blue\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Sensor OFF<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                    Biasanya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \u2248 0 V\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Sensor ON<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                    Biasanya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \u2248 +24 V\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                            BENDA\n          \u2193\n       SENSOR\n          \u2193\n     OUTPUT PNP\n          \u2193\n      0 V \u2192 24 V\n          \u2193\n       INPUT PLC\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n
                    14. Memeriksa sensor NPN<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                    Untuk sensor NPN, cara berpikir pengukurannya sedikit berbeda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Kita dapat memeriksa output terhadap +24 V<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Merah \u2192 +24 V\nHitam \u2192 Output sensor\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                    Ketika sensor ON, output ditarik menuju 0 V sehingga multimeter dapat menunjukkan tegangan mendekati 24 V<\/strong> pada pengukuran antara +24 V dan output.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    \n
                    Jangan hanya menghafal angka. Pahami titik referensi pengukurannya.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n
                     15. Hubungan dengan sensor kendaraan<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                    Nah, ini bagian yang sangat menarik untuk Teknik Kendaraan<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                    Pada kendaraan kita juga menemukan berbagai sensor, misalnya:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                      \n
                    • CKP \u2014 Crankshaft Position Sensor<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • CMP \u2014 Camshaft Position Sensor<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • TPS \u2014 Throttle Position Sensor<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • ECT \u2014 Engine Coolant Temperature<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • MAP \u2014 Manifold Absolute Pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • MAF \u2014 Mass Air Flow<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • O\u2082 sensor<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Wheel speed sensor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                      Tetapi tidak semuanya merupakan sensor PNP\/NPN 24 VDC seperti sensor industri<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                      Contohnya, sensor kendaraan bisa menghasilkan:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        \n
                      • Tegangan analog<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Pulsa digital<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Perubahan resistansi<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Sinyal frekuensi<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                        Jadi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        \n
                        Sensor PLC industri dan sensor kendaraan sama-sama mengubah kondisi fisik menjadi sinyal listrik, tetapi jenis sinyal dan cara pemeriksaannya bisa berbeda.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
                        Ini akan menjadi jembatan yang bagus antara pelajaran PLC dan troubleshooting kendaraan<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        \n\n\n\n
                        16. Latihan “Sensor Detective” Latihan seperti ini supaya merasa seperti teknisi sungguhan.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
                        memberikan sebuah sensor dan mengatakan:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        \n
                        \u201cSensor ini tidak bekerja. Cari penyebabnya.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
                         tidak boleh langsung mengganti sensor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        Mereka harus melakukan urutan:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        1. Periksa supply\n       \u2193\n2. Periksa 0 V\n       \u2193\n3. Periksa output sensor\n       \u2193\n4. Periksa wiring\n       \u2193\n5. Periksa input PLC\n       \u2193\n6. Baru simpulkan\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                        Dengan prinsip:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        Ukur \u2192 Catat \u2192 Analisis \u2192 Simpulkan<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                        Bukan:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        Tebak \u2192 Ganti sensor \u2192 Ternyata bukan sensornya.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
                        Ini sangat bagus untuk membentuk pola pikir teknisi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        \n\n\n\n
                         Ringkasan <\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                        cukup mengingat alur besar ini:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        APA YANG DIDETEKSI?\n       \u2193\n   JENIS SENSOR\n       \u2193\nBAGAIMANA OUTPUTNYA?\n       \u2193\n    PNP \/ NPN\n       \u2193\nBAGAIMANA WIRING-NYA?\n       \u2193\n   INPUT PLC\n       \u2193\nBAGAIMANA MEMASTIKANNYA?\n       \u2193\n    AVO METER\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
                        Dan satu kalimat <\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        \n
                        \u201cJangan hanya tahu sensor ON atau OFF. Ketahui juga mengapa output-nya ON atau OFF dan buktikan dengan alat ukur.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
                        <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
                        <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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